Abstract Password-based authentication remains one of the most widely used security mechanisms in modern computing systems. Despite the availability of advanced authentication methods, weak password practices continue to expose systems to significant risks. This article provides an academic overview of password security, common vulnerabilities, and effective mitigation strategies in contemporary cybersecurity environments. Introduction In the digital era, authentication plays a central role in protecting sensitive information. Passwords are often the first and sometimes the only line of defense. However, human behavior, such as choosing weak or reused passwords, significantly reduces their effectiveness. As a result, attackers frequently target password-based systems to gain unauthorized access. Fundamentals of Password Security A secure password system relies on three main principles: Complexity : Use of uppercase, lowercase, numbers, and symbols Length : Longer passwords ...